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April 19, 2005

ソーシャル・キャピタル

知人が私のブログを読んでロバート・パットナムの『哲学する民主主義』という本を教えてくれました。まだ、購入していないのですが、ネットで検索すると、次のようなことが書かれているようです。

イタリアでは、70年代に中央集権から州への分権が行われ、約20の州が出来た。ところが、同じ制度下にも関わらず、州によって政治・経済のパフォーマンスに大きな差が生じている。これは何故だろうと調査をし、格差の原因は、「市民的共同体」、あるいは「ソーシャル・キャピタル」の違いであると考えました。

「ソーシャル・キャピタル」というのは、信頼、規範、ネットワークといった社会組織の特徴のことで、それによって人々の協調行動が活発となり、社会の効率性が高まるというのです。

パットナムは、その後、『Bowling Alone』(一人でボーリングをする)という本も出していますが、市民参加の概念を行政への関与や労働組合活動のような政治的な活動だけでなく、教会活動やボーリング・クラブ、近隣との付き合いのようなインフォーマルな社会的・文化的活動まで含めて考えているようです。

この本では、アメリカにおける市民社会の衰退について書かれていますが、テレビの普及に代表される「娯楽の私事化・個人化」が市民社会を脅かしているとの考えから、このタイトルをつけたようです。

ボーリング・クラブを含むインフォーマルな関係と活動の濃密さが「ソーシャル・キャピタル」を形成し、それが活発な市民社会と民主主義の維持と育成に本質的な役割を果たすとしています。

パットナムの考え方は、何故札幌の閾値が上がらないのかを考えるヒントを含んでいるように思います。

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