サイモン:組織=人の限界を克服する情報処理システム
二人目はサイモンです。彼の組織論は、人間の認知能力には限界があり、それを克服するために組織構造(階層システム)を構築し、組織内情報処理を単純化するというものです。
経済学では、完全な合理性に基づいて最適化行動を行う「経済人」を前提にしますが、彼は、①知識の不完全性、②予測の困難性、③行動の可能性の限界から、制限された合理性に基づいて満足化行動を行う「経営人」を前提としています。・・・人間に対するこの考え方は頷けます。
しかし、サイモンが「情報」の意味よりも、「情報処理能力」を重視し、望ましい組織を最も効率的に情報処理できる構造と考えたことには、ちょっと首を傾げます。
野中文脈によれば、この考え方は、「問題の発見」については考えず、「与えられた問題の解決」をいかに効率よく行うかというアプローチだが、通常、問題は与えられるというよりも、人間のさまざまな経験やコミットメントのなかから発見、あるいは創造されるものであり、現実の組織論としては限界があるということになります。サイモンが描く理想的な組織に近づくにつれ、組織成員間の相互作用の機会は減少し、組織的に創造性が発揮される余地は減ってしまいます。
野中先生は、「分からないことが多発する環境下では、企業が主体的に情報を創造し環境に対し積極的な提案をする必要性は高まってくる。・・そのような組織になるためには、人間のあらゆる限界を基本とする人間観ではなく、人間が基本的に持っている可能性・創造性を基本とする人間観に基づいた組織理論の確立が必要である」としています。
前述のように、私は、サイモンが前提とする人間観(経済学で言う全能的な「経済人」ではない)について頷いたのですが、・・・限界はあるものの、問題発見とその解決を図っていける創造性に基づく人間観を前提として組織を考えるべきであるという野中先生の意見がここまできて分かりました。
これを「地域」に応用するとどう考えたらよいでしょうか。
地域についても、与えられた問題について情報処理能力が高いよりも、人間の経験やコミットメントのなかから問題が発見され、それを解決していけるような地域が望ましいということになると思われます。いわば、こうした地域がソーシャル・キャピタルの高い地域ということになるのでしょう。
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